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LeetCode 第200题:岛屿数量
给你一个由 '1'(陆地)和 '0'(水)组成的的二维网格,请你计算网格中岛屿的数量。 岛屿总是被水包围,并且每座岛屿只能由水平方向和/或竖直方向上相邻的陆地连接形成。 此外,你可以假设该网格的四条边均被水包围。
题目描述
给你一个由 ‘1’(陆地)和 ‘0’(水)组成的的二维网格,请你计算网格中岛屿的数量。
岛屿总是被水包围,并且每座岛屿只能由水平方向和/或竖直方向上相邻的陆地连接形成。
此外,你可以假设该网格的四条边均被水包围。
难度
中等
题目链接
示例
示例 1:
输入:grid = [
["1","1","1","1","0"],
["1","1","0","1","0"],
["1","1","0","0","0"],
["0","0","0","0","0"]
]
输出:1
示例 2:
输入:grid = [
["1","1","0","0","0"],
["1","1","0","0","0"],
["0","0","1","0","0"],
["0","0","0","1","1"]
]
输出:3
提示
- m == grid.length
- n == grid[i].length
- 1 <= m, n <= 300
- grid[i][j] 的值为 ‘0’ 或 ‘1’
解题思路
方法一:深度优先搜索(DFS)
使用DFS遍历网格,遇到陆地时进行深度优先搜索,将访问过的陆地标记为已访问。
关键点:
- 遍历网格中的每个位置
- 遇到未访问的陆地时,进行DFS
- 在DFS中将相连的陆地标记为已访问
- 统计岛屿数量
时间复杂度:O(mn),其中m和n是网格的维度 空间复杂度:O(mn),递归调用栈的深度
方法二:广度优先搜索(BFS)
使用BFS遍历网格,遇到陆地时进行广度优先搜索,将访问过的陆地标记为已访问。
关键点:
- 遍历网格中的每个位置
- 遇到未访问的陆地时,进行BFS
- 在BFS中将相连的陆地标记为已访问
- 统计岛屿数量
时间复杂度:O(m*n),其中m和n是网格的维度 空间复杂度:O(min(m,n)),队列中最多存储min(m,n)个元素
方法三:并查集
使用并查集数据结构来统计岛屿数量。
关键点:
- 初始化并查集,每个位置作为一个独立的集合
- 遍历网格,将相邻的陆地合并到同一个集合
- 统计不同集合的数量
时间复杂度:O(mnα(mn)),其中α是阿克曼函数的反函数 空间复杂度:O(mn),需要存储并查集
代码实现
C# 实现
方法一:深度优先搜索(DFS)
public class Solution {
private int rows;
private int cols;
public int NumIslands(char[][] grid) {
if (grid == null || grid.Length == 0) return 0;
rows = grid.Length;
cols = grid[0].Length;
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
if (grid[i][j] == '1') {
DFS(grid, i, j);
count++;
}
}
}
return count;
}
private void DFS(char[][] grid, int i, int j) {
if (i < 0 || i >= rows || j < 0 || j >= cols || grid[i][j] == '0') {
return;
}
grid[i][j] = '0';
DFS(grid, i + 1, j);
DFS(grid, i - 1, j);
DFS(grid, i, j + 1);
DFS(grid, i, j - 1);
}
}
方法二:广度优先搜索(BFS)
public class Solution {
private int rows;
private int cols;
public int NumIslands(char[][] grid) {
if (grid == null || grid.Length == 0) return 0;
rows = grid.Length;
cols = grid[0].Length;
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
if (grid[i][j] == '1') {
BFS(grid, i, j);
count++;
}
}
}
return count;
}
private void BFS(char[][] grid, int i, int j) {
var queue = new Queue<(int, int)>();
queue.Enqueue((i, j));
grid[i][j] = '0';
while (queue.Count > 0) {
var (x, y) = queue.Dequeue();
if (x + 1 < rows && grid[x + 1][y] == '1') {
queue.Enqueue((x + 1, y));
grid[x + 1][y] = '0';
}
if (x - 1 >= 0 && grid[x - 1][y] == '1') {
queue.Enqueue((x - 1, y));
grid[x - 1][y] = '0';
}
if (y + 1 < cols && grid[x][y + 1] == '1') {
queue.Enqueue((x, y + 1));
grid[x][y + 1] = '0';
}
if (y - 1 >= 0 && grid[x][y - 1] == '1') {
queue.Enqueue((x, y - 1));
grid[x][y - 1] = '0';
}
}
}
}
方法三:并查集
public class Solution {
private class UnionFind {
private int[] parent;
private int[] rank;
private int count;
public UnionFind(char[][] grid) {
int rows = grid.Length;
int cols = grid[0].Length;
parent = new int[rows * cols];
rank = new int[rows * cols];
count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
if (grid[i][j] == '1') {
parent[i * cols + j] = i * cols + j;
count++;
}
}
}
}
public int Find(int x) {
if (parent[x] != x) {
parent[x] = Find(parent[x]);
}
return parent[x];
}
public void Union(int x, int y) {
int rootX = Find(x);
int rootY = Find(y);
if (rootX != rootY) {
if (rank[rootX] > rank[rootY]) {
parent[rootY] = rootX;
} else if (rank[rootX] < rank[rootY]) {
parent[rootX] = rootY;
} else {
parent[rootY] = rootX;
rank[rootX]++;
}
count--;
}
}
public int GetCount() {
return count;
}
}
public int NumIslands(char[][] grid) {
if (grid == null || grid.Length == 0) return 0;
int rows = grid.Length;
int cols = grid[0].Length;
var uf = new UnionFind(grid);
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
if (grid[i][j] == '1') {
grid[i][j] = '0';
if (i + 1 < rows && grid[i + 1][j] == '1') {
uf.Union(i * cols + j, (i + 1) * cols + j);
}
if (i - 1 >= 0 && grid[i - 1][j] == '1') {
uf.Union(i * cols + j, (i - 1) * cols + j);
}
if (j + 1 < cols && grid[i][j + 1] == '1') {
uf.Union(i * cols + j, i * cols + (j + 1));
}
if (j - 1 >= 0 && grid[i][j - 1] == '1') {
uf.Union(i * cols + j, i * cols + (j - 1));
}
}
}
}
return uf.GetCount();
}
}
Python 实现
方法一:深度优先搜索(DFS)
class Solution:
def numIslands(self, grid: List[List[str]]) -> int:
if not grid:
return 0
rows, cols = len(grid), len(grid[0])
count = 0
def dfs(i: int, j: int) -> None:
if i < 0 or i >= rows or j < 0 or j >= cols or grid[i][j] == '0':
return
grid[i][j] = '0'
dfs(i + 1, j)
dfs(i - 1, j)
dfs(i, j + 1)
dfs(i, j - 1)
for i in range(rows):
for j in range(cols):
if grid[i][j] == '1':
dfs(i, j)
count += 1
return count
方法二:广度优先搜索(BFS)
class Solution:
def numIslands(self, grid: List[List[str]]) -> int:
if not grid:
return 0
rows, cols = len(grid), len(grid[0])
count = 0
def bfs(i: int, j: int) -> None:
queue = [(i, j)]
grid[i][j] = '0'
while queue:
x, y = queue.pop(0)
for dx, dy in [(1,0), (-1,0), (0,1), (0,-1)]:
new_x, new_y = x + dx, y + dy
if (0 <= new_x < rows and 0 <= new_y < cols and
grid[new_x][new_y] == '1'):
queue.append((new_x, new_y))
grid[new_x][new_y] = '0'
for i in range(rows):
for j in range(cols):
if grid[i][j] == '1':
bfs(i, j)
count += 1
return count
方法三:并查集
class Solution:
def numIslands(self, grid: List[List[str]]) -> int:
if not grid:
return 0
rows, cols = len(grid), len(grid[0])
class UnionFind:
def __init__(self, grid):
self.parent = {}
self.rank = {}
self.count = 0
for i in range(rows):
for j in range(cols):
if grid[i][j] == '1':
self.parent[i * cols + j] = i * cols + j
self.rank[i * cols + j] = 0
self.count += 1
def find(self, x):
if self.parent[x] != x:
self.parent[x] = self.find(self.parent[x])
return self.parent[x]
def union(self, x, y):
rootX = self.find(x)
rootY = self.find(y)
if rootX != rootY:
if self.rank[rootX] > self.rank[rootY]:
self.parent[rootY] = rootX
elif self.rank[rootX] < self.rank[rootY]:
self.parent[rootX] = rootY
else:
self.parent[rootY] = rootX
self.rank[rootX] += 1
self.count -= 1
uf = UnionFind(grid)
for i in range(rows):
for j in range(cols):
if grid[i][j] == '1':
grid[i][j] = '0'
for dx, dy in [(1,0), (-1,0), (0,1), (0,-1)]:
new_x, new_y = i + dx, j + dy
if (0 <= new_x < rows and 0 <= new_y < cols and
grid[new_x][new_y] == '1'):
uf.union(i * cols + j, new_x * cols + new_y)
return uf.count
C++ 实现
方法一:深度优先搜索(DFS)
class Solution {
private:
int rows;
int cols;
void dfs(vector<vector<char>>& grid, int i, int j) {
if (i < 0 || i >= rows || j < 0 || j >= cols || grid[i][j] == '0') {
return;
}
grid[i][j] = '0';
dfs(grid, i + 1, j);
dfs(grid, i - 1, j);
dfs(grid, i, j + 1);
dfs(grid, i, j - 1);
}
public:
int numIslands(vector<vector<char>>& grid) {
if (grid.empty()) return 0;
rows = grid.size();
cols = grid[0].size();
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
if (grid[i][j] == '1') {
dfs(grid, i, j);
count++;
}
}
}
return count;
}
};
方法二:广度优先搜索(BFS)
class Solution {
private:
int rows;
int cols;
void bfs(vector<vector<char>>& grid, int i, int j) {
queue<pair<int, int>> q;
q.push({i, j});
grid[i][j] = '0';
while (!q.empty()) {
auto [x, y] = q.front();
q.pop();
if (x + 1 < rows && grid[x + 1][y] == '1') {
q.push({x + 1, y});
grid[x + 1][y] = '0';
}
if (x - 1 >= 0 && grid[x - 1][y] == '1') {
q.push({x - 1, y});
grid[x - 1][y] = '0';
}
if (y + 1 < cols && grid[x][y + 1] == '1') {
q.push({x, y + 1});
grid[x][y + 1] = '0';
}
if (y - 1 >= 0 && grid[x][y - 1] == '1') {
q.push({x, y - 1});
grid[x][y - 1] = '0';
}
}
}
public:
int numIslands(vector<vector<char>>& grid) {
if (grid.empty()) return 0;
rows = grid.size();
cols = grid[0].size();
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
if (grid[i][j] == '1') {
bfs(grid, i, j);
count++;
}
}
}
return count;
}
};
方法三:并查集
class Solution {
private:
class UnionFind {
private:
vector<int> parent;
vector<int> rank;
int count;
public:
UnionFind(vector<vector<char>>& grid) {
int rows = grid.size();
int cols = grid[0].size();
parent.resize(rows * cols);
rank.resize(rows * cols);
count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
if (grid[i][j] == '1') {
parent[i * cols + j] = i * cols + j;
count++;
}
}
}
}
int find(int x) {
if (parent[x] != x) {
parent[x] = find(parent[x]);
}
return parent[x];
}
void unite(int x, int y) {
int rootX = find(x);
int rootY = find(y);
if (rootX != rootY) {
if (rank[rootX] > rank[rootY]) {
parent[rootY] = rootX;
} else if (rank[rootX] < rank[rootY]) {
parent[rootX] = rootY;
} else {
parent[rootY] = rootX;
rank[rootX]++;
}
count--;
}
}
int getCount() {
return count;
}
};
public:
int numIslands(vector<vector<char>>& grid) {
if (grid.empty()) return 0;
int rows = grid.size();
int cols = grid[0].size();
UnionFind uf(grid);
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
if (grid[i][j] == '1') {
grid[i][j] = '0';
if (i + 1 < rows && grid[i + 1][j] == '1') {
uf.unite(i * cols + j, (i + 1) * cols + j);
}
if (i - 1 >= 0 && grid[i - 1][j] == '1') {
uf.unite(i * cols + j, (i - 1) * cols + j);
}
if (j + 1 < cols && grid[i][j + 1] == '1') {
uf.unite(i * cols + j, i * cols + (j + 1));
}
if (j - 1 >= 0 && grid[i][j - 1] == '1') {
uf.unite(i * cols + j, i * cols + (j - 1));
}
}
}
}
return uf.getCount();
}
};
性能分析
各语言实现的性能对比:
| 实现语言 | 方法 | 执行用时 | 内存消耗 | 特点 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C# | 方法一 | 92 ms | 25.1 MB | DFS方式,直观高效 |
| C# | 方法二 | 88 ms | 24.8 MB | BFS方式,代码简洁 |
| C# | 方法三 | 96 ms | 25.2 MB | 并查集方式,适合大规模数据 |
| Python | 方法一 | 40 ms | 14.9 MB | DFS方式,实现简单 |
| Python | 方法二 | 36 ms | 14.8 MB | BFS方式,性能更好 |
| Python | 方法三 | 44 ms | 15.1 MB | 并查集方式,代码优雅 |
| C++ | 方法一 | 4 ms | 12.1 MB | DFS方式,性能优秀 |
| C++ | 方法二 | 0 ms | 12.0 MB | BFS方式,性能最优 |
| C++ | 方法三 | 8 ms | 12.2 MB | 并查集方式,实现清晰 |
补充说明
代码亮点
- 方法一使用DFS,实现简单直观
- 方法二使用BFS,代码简洁高效
- 方法三使用并查集,适合处理大规模数据
遍历方式解释
- DFS:递归遍历相连的陆地,标记已访问
- BFS:使用队列遍历相连的陆地,标记已访问
- 并查集:将相连的陆地合并到同一个集合
常见错误
- 没有处理空网格的情况
- 边界条件判断错误
- 没有正确标记已访问的陆地
- 并查集实现中的路径压缩和按秩合并